Study the Components of Ethics
Bagir equates ahklak with morality, which is more a good and bad value than every human deed. While ethics is a science of morals or ethics can be said is a science that learns about good and bad. Some components contained in ethics can be explained as follows.
a. Freedom and Responsibility
Discussion of ethical issues, taking material objects of human behavior or actions carried out consciously. Thus, ethics must see humans as creatures who have the freedom to act and act while being responsible for their actions and actions. Ethics is a comprehensive plan that links the forces of nature and society with the field of human responsibility. While responsibilities can be claimed or accounted for if there is freedom.
Thus, the problem of freedom and responsibility in ethics is a necessity.
Freedom for humans first means, that he can determine what he wants to do physically. He can move his limbs according to his will, certainly within the limits of his nature as a human. So the ability to move his body is indeed unlimited. Human freedom is not something abstract, but concrete, in accordance with the nature of humanity (Suseno, on Research Study).
Freedom and responsibility are two sides of the ethical coin that must exist. If both do not exist, then there is also no ethical discussion. Humans have the freedom to act and they should also be responsible for their actions.
There is a reciprocal relationship between freedom and responsibility, so that people who say that, humans are free, then he must accept the consequences that humans must be responsible (Haris, 2007: 3). Thus, in ethics, there is no freedom without responsibility, and vice versa, there is no responsibility without freedom.
b. Rights and obligations
Rights and obligations are matters that are continuous or correlative with one another. Every right there is an obligation. The first obligation for humans is to respect the rights of others and not interfere with them, while the obligation for those who have rights is to use their rights for their own good and human kindness.
There are philosophers who argue that there is always a reciprocal relationship between rights and obligations. The view called correlation theory is mainly held by followers of utilitarianism. According to them, each person's obligations relate to the rights of others, and vice versa every person's rights relate to other people's obligations to fulfill those rights. They argue that we can only talk about rights in the real sense, if there is a correlation.
Rights that have no obligations according to them do not deserve to be called rights (Bertens, 2011: 205).
According to the ethical view of obligation is work that is felt by the heart itself must be done or must be abandoned. That is the conviction of man's position to look good at good things according to the truth and stop evil goods according to the truth, even though to stop or do that he is in danger or happy, suffering from delicacy or pain.
While the one who voices that obligation in the heart is his own heart. It is not the heart in the sense of a clot of blood but the subtle feeling that each human being, as a divine gift to himself, is the lamp to illuminate the way of life, or like a lighthouse to show the direction of a ship's traffic (Haris, 2007: 60).
c. Good and bad
In discussing ethics it should be about good and bad. Good and bad can be seen from the consequences arising from good deeds and bad deeds. If the consequences arising from his actions are good, then the actions taken are ethically correct, and vice versa if the actions have bad consequences, then it is ethically wrong.
Good and bad values are determined by reason and religion. Sense effort in knowing which is good and which is bad is made possible by human experience as well. Based on this experience, in addition to temporal and local good and bad values, reason is also able to capture a bad deed, because of the bad consequences even though the substance of the deed itself does not look bad.
And vice versa, there are good deeds, because of the good consequences, even though the substance of the deeds does not look good.
The degree of ugliness does not need to be the same, maybe just rather bad, some are bad really, some are too bad; but all of that is bad because it's not good. It turns out bad is a negative understanding too. Even the actions that are considered bad, because there is no good that should exist. So it was not merely his actions that made him worse (Poejawijatna, 2003: 38).
d. Virtue and Happiness
Ethical virtue relates to actions or behaviors that are worthy of admiration and praise. Actions that contain virtue deserve to be admired and praised. Such actions are at a level far beyond the level of vulgar and ordinary actions. Therefore virtue is excellence (something superior and awesome) or an extraordinary quality. It can be concluded that what is meant by virtue in the discussion of ethics are matters relating to the goodness and privilege of character.
Happiness can only be possessed by sentient beings, because only those who can reflect on the situation, realize, and understand the satisfaction they experience. Other than that. Happiness is a subjective state that causes a person to feel that he is satisfied with his desires and realizes that he has something good. This will only be realized by beings who have reason. Therefore, only humans can feel true happiness (Haris, 2007: 60).