Principles in Learning and Ethics
Good principles should strive for as many good consequences as possible and strive to prevent the bad effects of an action as far as possible. Good principles precede and underlie all other moral principles. A good principle is not only a principle that is understood rationally, but also expresses gratitude to God, a bias that is already present in human nature.
In particular Suseno (on Tutorial program to improve students performance) breaks down the basic moral principles into three, namely (a) the principle of good attitude, (b) the principle of justice, and (c) the principle of respect for oneself. The principle of good attitude should not harm anyone, the attitude that is required as the basis of relations with anyone is a positive and good attitude.
The second principle is the principle of justice. Fair in essence means giving to anyone what is his right. The principle of justice expresses the obligation to give equal treatment to all other people who are in the same situation and to respect the rights of all parties concerned.
An unequal treatment is unjust, unless it can be shown why inequality can be justified. A treatment does not always need to be specifically justified, whereas the same treatment is itself true unless there are special reasons.
The third principle is respect for oneself.
This principle says that humans are obliged to always treat themselves as something of value to themselves. This principle is based on the understanding that humans are persons, centers of understanding and will, who have freedom and conscience, and intelligent beings.
Humans should not be considered as mere means for a further purpose. The goal must be of value to itself, not merely as a means for further aims or purposes.
Therefore, humans must treat themselves with respect. This principle has two directions, first so that humans do not let themselves be blackmailed, manipulated, and second so that humans do not let themselves be displaced.
Suseno (1987: 141-150) states several moral virtues that underlie a solid personality, namely (1) honesty, (b) willingness to be responsible, (3) moral independence, (4) moral courage, and (5) humility . Suseno (1983: 21-22) in the book Ethics in Challenges states that moral values are colorful, loyalty, generosity, justice, honesty and many other values. The core value is the moral nature.
Ethics and morals are more or less the same understanding, but in daily activities there are differences, namely moral or morality for the evaluation of the actions carried out, while ethics is for the study of the applicable value system.
Understanding morality is a guide that every individual or group has about what is right and wrong based on moral standards that apply in society. In addition, ethics can also be called moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that talks about human action. Ethics does not question the human condition, but rather how humans must act, based on certain norms.
In line with moral virtues, Rachels (2004: 306-322) said in terms of virtue ethics and ethics of right action, consisting of (1) courage, (2) generosity, (3) honesty, and (4) loyalty.
Bertens (1993: 275) in part two of the Ethics book mentions general ethical themes including (1) conscience, (2) freedom and responsibility, (3) values and norms, (4) rights and obligations, (5) being good human being, and (6) moral system.
Different again between ethics and etiquette, as discussed ethics is moral while etiquette means good manners, even though both involve normative human behavior that is giving norms to human behavior and thus states what is permitted to be done and what is not permitted to be done. Understanding etiquette and ethics are often confused, even though the two terms have different meanings, although there are similarities.
Questionable morality appears (tangible) in dishonest and intangible behavior in the mind that is contrary to conscience in planning, implementing and reporting. Morality that deliberately opposes the conscience is a matter of integrity, that is, determination to stand and maintain standard values. Thus, the notion of ethics and morality has the same meaning as a system of values about how humans must still maintain a good life, which then manifests in a pattern of behavior / behavior that is constant and repeating in a period of time, which runs from time to time so that it becomes a habit.
The term etiquette comes from Etiquette (French) which means from the start an invitation card that is usually used when kings in France hold official meetings, parties and receptions for royal or royal elites.
Another opinion says that etiquette is a code of courtesy approved by certain communities and becomes the norm and role model in behaving as a good and pleasant member of society.
The term ethics as explained earlier is related to morals (mores), while the word etiquette is related to the value of manners, manners in formal association. The equation is about ethical normative human behavior. It means providing certain guidelines or norms, namely how a person should do something and not do something.